ABO血型不合对异基因造血干细胞移植的影响★
范 辉,朱宏丽,卢学春,靖 彧,李红华,于 力
解放军总医院血液科,北京市 100853
范 辉★,男,1970年生,北京市人,汉族,2007年解放军军医进修学院毕业,硕士,主治医师,主要从事老年血液疾病方面的研究。
fanhui301@tom.
com
通讯作者:于 力,博士,主任医师,教授,博士生导师,解放军总医院血液科,北京市
100853
chunhuiliyu@
yahoo.com
中图分类号: R394.2
文献标识码: A
文章编号: 1673-8225
(2008)03-00481-04
收稿日期: 2007-09-28
修回日期:2007-11-22
(07-50-9-5315/ZS Q
Influence of ABO-incompatible grafts in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Abstract
AIM:Studies showed that ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient is safe in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but several immunohematological complications may arise. Compared with ABO compatibility patients, this article analyzes the influence of ABO incompatibility on the red blood cell engraftment.
METHODS:①155 patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation were enrolled at General Hospital of Chinese PLA between April 1985 and April 2006. Eighty-three patients received an ABO-identical transplantation, and seventy-two patients received ABO-incompatible transplantation, including 32 major, 33 minor and 7 bidirectional ABO-incompatible transplantation. Among these patients, 30 bone marrow transplantation, 124 peripheral stem cell transplantation and 1 combined transplantation. Both donors and recipients signed an informed consent. There were no significant differences in age, sex, diseases diagnosis, states of disease and preparative regimens between the two groups (P > 0.05). ②Bone marrow transplantation was conducted. Bone marrow was collected between 1 010-1 430 mL under general anaesthesia, and ABO-compatible patients got infused at that day after anticoagulation. Blood was infused into major and bidirectional ABO-incompatible recipients after the removal of donor' red blood cells by hydroxyethyl starch, and into minor ABO-incompatible recipients after removal of the plasma. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was performed. Stem cells were collected and infused into the patients after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor injection. Hematopoietic reconstitution included hemoglobin above 100 g/L, neutrophil counts at least 0.5×109 L-1 and an unsupported platelet counts greater than 20×109 L-1. Pure red cell aplasia was defined as reticulocytopenia (reticulocyte count < 1%) persisted over 60 days after transplantation and bone marrow biopsy showed isolated depletion of erythroid precursors. ③Hematological recovery time, disease free survival rate and complications were analyzed after the transplantation.
RESULTS:①Hematological restitution: After transplantation, 4 cases of pure red cell aplasia occurred, 3 in major and 1 in bidirectional ABO-incompatible. There was no difference in platelet transfusion requirements and the neutrophil reconstitution date between ABO-compatible and major ABO-incompatible transplants (P > 0.05). In contrast, there was statistically significant difference in red blood cell transfusion requirements between these groups (P < 0.05). The recovery of erythrocytic series reconstitution was prolonged(P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the four indexes mentioned above between minor ABO-incompatible and bidirectional ABO-incompatible patients (P > 0.05). ②Disease free survival rate and incidence of major complications: Compared with ABO-compatible group, there was no difference in the 1, 3, 5 year disease free survival rate in all 3 ABO-incompatible groups (P > 0.05), and the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease and cytomegalovirus infection was the same (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION:Pure red cell aplastic anemia appears after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in major ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient, which may lead to prolonged destruction of donor-derived erythrocytes and prolonged transfusion requirements. However, myeloid and megakaryocyte hematopoietic recovery, incidence of complications and survival rate are not influenced by ABO incompatibility.
Fan H, Zhu HL, Lu XC, Jing Y, Li HH, Yu L.Influence of ABO-incompatible grafts in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu yu Linchuang Kangfu 2008;12(3):481-484(China)
[www.zglckf.com/zglckf/ejournal/upfiles/08-3/3k-481(ps).pdf]
摘要
目的:研究表明ABO血型不合的异基因造血干细胞移植是安全的,但仍可能出现血液免疫学并发症。以同期ABO血型相合的受者作对照,分析ABO血型不合对异基因造血干细胞移植后红系重建的影响。
方法:①对象:选取解放军总医院1985-04/2006-04进行的异基因干细胞移植患者155例,ABO血型相合患者83例,ABO血型不合72例,包括主要不合32例,次要不合33例,主、次要双向不合7例。骨髓移植30例,外周血干细胞移植124例,骨髓+外周血干细胞移植1例。供受者对治疗均签署知情同意书,ABO血型相合与不合患者年龄、性别、原发病、疾病的缓解程度及预处理方案等基线资料差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②实验方法:行骨髓移植,ABO血型相合患者在全麻状态下采髓量1 010~1 430 mL,抗凝后当日回输;ABO血型主要和双向不合者用羟乙基淀粉沉降去除供者红细胞,次要不合者去除血浆,经静脉输注给受体。行外周血干细胞移植,供者使用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子进行干细胞动员后,采集的干细胞悬液当日直接输注给患者。外周血中性粒细胞≥ 0.5×109 L-1时为植活时间;血红蛋白达100 g/L为红系恢复的标准;血小板恢复指血小板稳定于20×109 L-1以上。纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准是移植后网织红细胞数量< 1%的时间超过60 d,骨髓穿刺红系前体细胞缺失。③实验评估:分析细胞移植后造血重建、无病生存率及主要并发症发生率情况。
结果:①造血重建:细胞移植后,共4例发生纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血,其中ABO血型主要不合患者3例,双向不合患者1例。与ABO血型相合患者比较,ABO血型主要不合患者的粒细胞植活时间、血小板输注数量无明显变化(P > 0.05),红细胞输注量显著增加(P < 0.05),红系重建时间明显延长(P < 0.05);ABO血型次要不合、双向不合患者上述4项指标的变化差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②无病生存率与主要并发症发生率:与ABO血型相合患者比较,ABO血型主要不合、次要不合、双向不合患者在细胞移植后1,3,5年的无病生存率均基本相似(P > 0.05);急性移植物抗宿主病发生率、巨细胞病毒感染率均基本相似(P > 0.05)。
结论:ABO血型主要不合的异基因造血干细胞移植后可出现纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血,从而导致红系造血恢复迟缓及红细胞输注量增加,但对髓系和巨核系造血恢复无影响,与主要并发症的发生率和生存率无关。
关键词:干细胞移植;异基因;ABO血型;血型不合
范辉,朱宏丽,卢学春,靖彧,李红华,于力.ABO血型不合对异基因造血干细胞移植的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2008,12(3):481-484 [www.zglckf.com/zglckf/ejournal/upfiles/08-3/3k-481(ps).pdf]
0 引言
在异基因造血干细胞移植中,供、受者人类白细胞抗原相配而ABO血型不合的移植约占造血干细胞移植总数的10%~28%[1-2]。ABO血型不合包括:主要ABO血型不合(A到O、B到O、AB到A、AB到B)、次要ABO血型不合(O到A、O到B、O到AB)、主次要双向不合(A到B、B到A)。
目前国内外一致认为:造血干细胞并不表达ABO抗原,故ABO血型不合并不影响造血干细胞的植活,也不增加移植物抗宿主病的发病率和严重性,ABO血型不合的异基因造血干细胞移植是安全的,没有严重的预后不良影响。但仍可能出现纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血、溶血等血液免疫学并发症[3-4]。研究认为:由于受者红细胞中具有与供者红细胞抗原起反应的凝集素,可引起红系植入迟缓。另外,与红细胞植入时间有关的重要因素还包括:移植前减低受者抗A/B凝集素水平、急性移植物抗宿主病的发生、外周血干细胞的使用、年龄等[5-6]。现将本院11年来ABO血型不合的造血干细胞移植病例报道如下,并与同期的ABO血型相合干细胞移植进行对比分析。
1 对象和方法
设计:观察对比,病例分析。
单位:解放军总医院血液科。
对象:选取解放军总医院1985-04/2006-04进行的异基因干细胞移植患者155例。①ABO血型不合患者72例,男56例,女16例;平均年龄34岁,其中主要不合32例,次要不合33例,主、次要双向不合7例。ABO血型相合患者83例,男62例,女21例;平均年龄32岁。②骨髓移植30例(亲缘供者26例,无关供者4例),外周血干细胞移植124例(亲缘供者103例,无关供者21例),骨髓+外周血干细胞移植1例(亲缘供者)。③供受者对治疗均签署知情同意书,细胞移植前ABO血型相合与不合患者年龄、性别、原发病、疾病的缓解程度及预处理方案等基线资料比较,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),见表1。
设计、实施、评估者:实验设计、结果评估为第一作者,干预实施为全部作者,均经过系统培训,未使用盲法评估。
方法:
预处理方案:①慢性粒细胞白血病采用标准BuCy方案,马利兰4 mg/(kg d),×4 d;环磷酰胺60 mg/(kg d),×2 d。②急性淋巴细胞白血病采用E2TBICy方案,VP16 50 mg/kg,×1 d;TBI 900 cGy,分2次完成;CTX 60 mg/(kg d),× 2 d。③急性髓细胞性白血病采用BuACy方案,马利兰 4 mg/(kg d),×2 d;Ara-C 3.0 g/(m2 d),×2 d;CTX 60 mg/(kg d),×2 d。④骨髓增生异常综合征采用改良BuCy方案,马利兰4 mg/(kg d),×3 d;Ara-C 2.0 g/(m2 d),×2 d;CTX 60 mg/(kg d),×2 d;ME-CCNU 250 mg/m2,×1 d。⑤非霍奇金淋巴瘤采用改良BuCy方案,Ara-C 3 g/m2,×2 d;马利兰4 mg/(kg d),×3 d;CTX 60 mg/(kg d),×2 d;ME-CCNU 250 mg/m2,×1 d。或采用CyTBI方案,TBI 900 cGy,分2次完成;CTX 60 mg/(kg d),×2 d。
骨髓采集和移植:ABO血型相合患者全麻状态下行采髓手术,采髓量1 010 ~1 430 mL,用肝素和ACD抗凝,当日回输,骨髓离体不超过18 h。采集的骨髓单个核细胞总数为(2.98~3.60)×108/kg,流式细胞仪检测CD34+、CD45+细胞数为(2.3~3.4)×106/kg,造血祖细胞集落培养(4.6~5.3)×105个/kg受者体质量。ABO血型不合患者行特殊处理,主要和双向不合者用羟乙基淀粉沉降去除供者红细胞,次要不合者去除血浆,经静脉输注给受体。
外周血干细胞动员、采集和移植:供者使用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子300 μg/d进行干细胞动员,皮下注射5 d后开始采集干细胞,用Cobe Spectra 血细胞分离机作连续单个核细胞分离,循环总量为2个全血容量(8 000~10 000 mL)。采集终体积200 mL/次,CD34+细胞总量(2.5~8.8)×106/kg,造血祖细胞集落培养(2.00~6.31)×105/kg,采集的干细胞悬液当日直接输注给患者。术后行移植物抗宿主病的预防和巨细胞病毒的防治。
移植后造血重建标准:外周血中性粒细胞≥ 0.5× 109 L-1时为植活时间;血红蛋白达100 g/L为红系恢复的标准;血小板恢复指血小板稳定于20×109 L-1以上。
移植后纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准:①移植后网织红细胞数量< 1%的时间超过60 d。②骨髓穿刺红系前体细胞缺失[2]。
统计学方法:由第一作者采用奇思统计软件CHISS 2006进行处理分析,ABO血型不合与相合患者之间的植活时间、红系恢复时间、血制品用量采用t检验;不同人群的基础参数、急性移植物抗宿主病发生率、巨细胞病毒感染率、生存率比较行χ2检验;不同患者基线资料采用单因素方差。P < 0.05为差异有显著性意义。
2 结果
2.1 细胞移植后ABO血型不合与相合患者造血重建情况的比较 细胞移植后,共4例发生纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血,其中ABO血型主要不合患者3例,双向不合患者1例。
与ABO血型相合患者比较,ABO血型主要不合患者的粒细胞植活时间、血小板输注数量无明显变化(P > 0.05),红细胞输注量显著增加(P < 0.05),红系重建时间明显延长(P < 0.05);ABO血型次要不合、双向不合患者上述4项指标的变化差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。
2.2 细胞移植后ABO血型不合与相合患者各时间点无病生存率的比较 见表3。
2.3 细胞移植后ABO血型不合与相合患者主要并发症发生率的比较 见表4。
3 讨论
影响异基因干细胞移植预后的因素很多,如不同的预处理方案、移植前患者不同疾病状态对造血延迟的影响,这是影响造血恢复的主要因素,已经有很多关于此类的研究。近年来随着实体器官移植的增加,发现只有造血干细胞移植能够在不同血型人之间进行,因此关于血型不合对异基因移植影响的研究逐渐增多,也趋于深化,故本科室进行了相关研究[8-9]。研究表明:ABO血型系统不是一个重要的移植抗原系统[2],近年来国内外多个临床实验发现:在BMT和异基因外周血造血干细胞移植中,主要ABO血型不合的受者均较次要、双向ABO血型不合受者的红细胞输注要求高[10-11]。
据统计,主要ABO血型不和移植后纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血发生率约为20%~30%,而其他血型不合则极少发生[12-13],本实验中,发生的3例病例在此组,符合发生特点,发生率为9.38%(3/32),而双向不合组的发生率为14.28%(1/7),考虑以上数值与其他临床研究的结果有一定的差距,很可能与病例数量少有关,需要进一步积累病例。
异基因造血干细胞移植后纯红再障的发生机制通常认为是由凝集素介导的免疫机制异常导致红细胞及前体细胞破坏。在ABO血型主要不合的移植受者体内存在抗供者红细胞的凝集素,其滴度高低对红系造血的生长有较大的影响。统计发现,与血型相合组相比,主要血型不合组的红细胞输注量大,红系重建迟缓,说明血型不合类型对红系重建有重要影响,但对于移植后移植物抗宿主病发生率无明显影响[14-16],无病生存率亦无明显改变。本实验结果也证实了这一点,只是非常遗憾,未能全程监测ABO血型不合患者移植前后的凝集素滴度水平。
ABO血型不合不影响异基因造血干细胞移植的植活及预后,但可能影响移植后红系的重建并导致并发症的发生[17-18]。经过近30年的临床实践证实:采取适当措施完全可以超越ABO血型障碍,从而进行异基因造血干细胞移植。主要ABO血型不合的造血干细胞移植术前为避免致命的溶血性输血反应,可采用应用血浆置换和体外免疫吸附去除受者体内的红细胞凝集素,或应用重力沉降法和/或梯度离心法去除造血干细胞移植物中的红细胞[19-20]。
希望通过对ABO血型不合异基因造血干细胞移植的逐步深入研究,能够找出移植耐受发生的机制,并将其应用于范围更为广阔的实体器官移植,降低其免疫排斥反应并提高生存率,使更多的移植患者受益。但从目前看来,仍需要开展多方面的研究工作[5]。
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