减低预处理剂量异基因造血干细胞移植后的白血病复发
牛小青,鹿全意,王 昭,赵江宁,张 鹏
课题背景:在异基因造血干细胞移植中,清髓性预处理方案毒性大,预处理相关死亡率高;而真正的非清髓性预处理方案虽降低了毒副反应,但由于不能有效清除白血病细胞,同时供体细胞植入延迟,不利于移植物抗白血病效应发挥,复发率升高,影响了患者的长期生存。近年来,各种减低剂量预处理方案逐渐被用于临床,从而探索理想的预处理方案与剂量,期望在降低毒副反应的同时能减少复发。
应用要点:实验采用的预处理方案中未进行全身照射,且马利兰、环磷酰胺剂量均低于清髓性预处理方案,由于减低了剂量强度,无一例预处理相关死亡。同时采用的剂量仍强于真正的非清髓移植,因此获得了快速的完全嵌合,有利于移植物抗白血病效应的发挥。
偏倚或不足:实验患者例数较少,观察时间短,尚需进一步积累病例同时加以对照分析。
厦门大学附属中山医院血液科,福建医科大学教学医院,福建省厦门市 361004
牛小青,女,1963年生,河北省乐亭县人,汉族,1985年内蒙古医学院毕业,主任医师,副教授,主要从事血液病及造血干细胞移植方面的研究。
nxq-0119@
163.com
摘要
目的:减低预处理剂量异基因造血干细胞移植预处理方案剂量强度弱于清髓性移植且又强于真正的非清髓移植,期望在降低毒副反应的同时能够减少复发。评价减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植后白血病的复发情况及主要影响因素。
方法:①对象:选取2003-03/2005-06厦门大学附属中山医院血液科收治的23例白血病患者,急性粒细胞白血病6例,急性淋巴细胞白血病7例,慢性粒细胞白血病10例。供者同胞HLA全相合10例,同胞或亲缘供者不全相合12例,非血缘1例。供受者对治疗均签署知情同意书,实验经医院医学伦理委员会批准。②实验方法:23例白血病患者均采用减低预处理剂量方案,马利兰4 mg/(kg·d),2~3 d;环磷酰胺50 mg/(kg·d),2 d。其中19例患者在上述方案的基础上加用氟达拉滨30 mg/(m2·d),3~5 d;10例患者同时加用阿糖胞苷(1.0~2.0)g/(m2·d),1~3 d。供受者HLA位点不合时用兔抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(3.0~5.0)mg/(kg·d),3~5 d。异基因造血干细胞移植前行供者外周血干细胞动员,4~5 d后连续采集2次,23例白血病患者输入CD34+细胞中位数为4.02×106/kg。采用骁悉+环孢素+短程甲氨喋呤方案预防移植物抗宿主病。③实验评估:采用STR-PCR方法检测异基因造血干细胞植入证据。
结果:①造血功能重建检测:23例患者均顺利完成造血功能重建,无一例发生预处理相关死亡。经预处理后外周血白细胞最低值为(0.01~0.30)×109 L-1,血小板最低值为(5~20)×109 L-1;中性粒细胞恢复到0.5×109 L-1的中位时间为术后11 d,血小板恢复到30×109 L-1的中位时间为术后12 d。术后30 d经STR-PCR检测22例患者为完全供者型,骨髓象均完全缓解,剩余1例复发患者未行STR-PCR检测。②移植物抗宿主病发生情况:23例患者中,9例(39.1%)发生急性移植物抗宿主病,19例(82.6%)发生慢性移植物抗宿主病。③术后复发及生存情况:随访截止至2007-06-30,共5例患者复发,复发率21.7%,复发时间为移植后1~24个月;其中急性淋巴细胞白血病2例,急性粒细胞白血病2例,慢性粒细胞白血病1例,后3例移植前处于复发状态。移植前处于缓解期的患者其复发率为10%。
结论:①急、慢性粒细胞白血病缓解期患者采用减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植方式,其术后复发率并未高于清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植,且预处理相关死亡率低。②疾病类型的选择、移植时的疾病状态、适当的预处理强度以及移植物抗宿主病是影响术后复发的重要因素。
关键词:造血干细胞移植;减低预处理剂量;白血病;复发
牛小青,鹿全意,王昭,赵江宁,张鹏.减低预处理剂量异基因造血干细胞移植后的白血病复发[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2008,12(8):1453-1456 [www.zglckf.com/zglckf/ejournal/upfiles/08-8/8k-1453(ps).pdf]
中图分类号: R394.2
文献标识码: A
文章编号: 1673-8225
(2008)08-01453-04
收稿日期: 2007-09-19
修回日期:2007-11-27
(07-50-9-5168/ZS·Y)
Proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells from neonatal rat basal forebrain of newborn rats into neurons in different culture conditions
Abstract
AIM:Reduced intensity conditioning allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (RIC-HSCT), the pre-conditional regimen of which is less intensive compared to myeloablative allogenic stem cell transplantation, but greater compared to truly non-myeloablative allogenic stem cell transplantation, is expected to overcome regimen-related toxicity and reduce relapse of leukemia. This study was designed to evaluate recurrence of leukemia and to ientify factors related to relapse after RIC-HSCT.
METHODS: ①Twenty-three patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML, n=6), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n=7) or chronic myeloblastic leukemia (CML, n=10) were selected from the Department of Hematology in Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University from March 2003 to June 2005. There were 10 HLA-identical sibling donors, 12 family partially mismatched donors and 1 unrelated donor. They all signed the informed consent, and the Hospital Ethics Committee permitted the experiment.②The RIC regimen including busulfan 4 mg/(kg·d), 2-3 days and cyclophosphamide 50 mg/(kg·d), 2 days were used in all the patients, and fludarabine 30 mg/(m2.d), 3-5 days was added in 19 patients and Ara-c 1-2 g/m2·d, 1-3 days in 10 patients. Rabbit anti-T-lymphocyte globulin 3.0-5.0 mg/(kg·d), 3-5 days was used in the HLA-mismatched patients. Peripheral stem cells of donors were mobilized before transplantation, and harvested at days 4 and 5. The median of CD34+ cells infused was 4.02×106/kg in all patients. Cyclosporine, methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil were used for the prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).③Short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction (STR-PCR) was used to detect evidence of donor cell engraftment.
RESULTS: ①All 23 patients achieved successful hemopoiesis reconstitution. No patient died of side effects related to the pre-conditional regimen. After RIC, the lowest counts of peripheral white cells and platelets were (0.01-0.03)×109 L-1 and (5-20)×109 L-1, respectively. The duration for granulocytes to exceed 0.5×109 L-1 was 11 days and platelets to exceed 30×109 L-1 was 12 days. In 22 patients, STR-PCR confirmed that the donor cell was fully implanted 30 days after RIC-HSCT, and the bone marrow showed complete remission. One case was not tested by STR-PCR because of leukemia relapse.②Acute GVHD occurred in 9 patients (39.1%) and 19 patients (82.6%) developed chronic GVHD.③All 23 patients were followed up until June 30th 2007. Five patients (21.7%) got recurrence, of which two patients with AML and one patient with CML were recurrent before transplantation and other two were patients with ALL. The recurrence rate was 10% in the patients who were in complete remission before the transplantation. The recurrence time was from 1 to 24 months after the transplantation.
CONCLUSION: ①In the patients with AML and CML in complete remission before the transplantation, the recurrence rate after RIC-HSCT is not higher than that in myeloablative allogenic stem cell transplantation, and is accompanied by a lower mortality related pre-conditioning regimen.②Type of disease, the disease status at the time of transplantation, intensity of pre-conditional regimen and GVHD are important factors for recurrence of leukemia after RIC-HSCT.
Niu XQ, Lu QY, Wang Z, Zhao JN, Zhang P. Influence of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on leukemic recurrence after reduced intensity conditioning.Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu yu Linchuang Kangfu 2008;12(8):1453-1456(China)
[www.zglckf.com/zglckf/ejournal/upfiles/08-8/8k-1453(ps).pdf]
0 引言
异基因造血干细胞移植是治疗白血病最有效的方法,但移植后白血病复发仍是其最主要的死亡原因。传统的清髓性移植力求最大限度杀灭白血病细胞,减少移植后白血病复发,因其预处理方案毒性大,易引起严重脏器损害和致死性感染,影响了患者的长期生存。
近年来,非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植越来越受到重视,其疗效主要在于供体细胞植入后产生的移植物抗白血病效应,这种移植模式降低了毒副反应,并发症少,安全性高,但由于减低了预处理的剂量,不能有效清除白血病细胞,复发率较清髓性移植有所升高是其令人担忧的问题。
减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植是在非清髓移植基础上提出的一种移植方法,其预处理方案剂量强度弱于清髓性移植而又强于真正的非清髓移植,期望在降低毒副反应的同时能减少复发,但目前对这种方法对移植后复发的影响了解尚少。本院自2003年起对23例白血病患者进行了减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植,共5例复发,现将具体情况予以报告。
1 对象和方法
设计:病例分析。
单位:厦门大学附属中山医院血液科。
对象:①受者情况:选取2003-03/2005-06厦门大学附属中山医院血液科收治的23例白血病患者,男13 例,女10例;年龄7~45岁,平均年龄25岁;急性粒细胞白血病6例(CR1:3例,CR3:1例,复发2例),急性淋巴细胞白血病7例(CR1:6例,CR2:1例),慢性粒细胞白血病10例(CP 6例,AP 3例,BC 1例)。②供者情况:同胞HLA全相合10例,不全相合12例(半相合6例,4个位点相合1例,5个位点相合5例,均为同胞或亲缘供者),非血缘1例。供受者对治疗均签署知情同意书,实验经医院医学伦理委员会批准。③主要材料与仪器:胸腺细胞球蛋白(德国费森尤斯公司产品);SPECTRA血细胞分离机(COBE公司)。
设计、实施、评估者:设计为第一作者,实施、评估为全部作者,均受过专业培训,未使用盲法评估。
方法:
减低预处理剂量方案:23例白血病患者均采用减低剂量的马利兰+环磷酰胺预处理方案,具体为:马利兰 4 mg/(kg·d),2~3 d;环磷酰胺50 mg/(kg·d),2 d。其中19例患者在上述方案的基础上加用氟达拉滨 30 mg/(m2·d),3~5 d;10例患者同时加用阿糖胞苷(1.0~ 2.0)g/(m2·d),1~3 d。供受者HLA位点不合时用兔抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(3.0~5.0)mg/(kg·d),3~5 d。
外周血干细胞的动员与移植:供者外周血干细胞动员采用粒细胞集落刺激因子或粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(5.0~10.0)μg/(kg·d)连续皮下注射5 d,于动员第4,5天应用SPECTRA血细胞分离机采集外周血干细胞,连续2次。23例白血病患者进行异基因造血干细胞移植,通过锁骨下静脉插管输入CD34+细胞中位数为4.02×106/kg。
移植物抗宿主病的防治:移植物抗宿主病预防均采用骁悉+环孢素+短程甲氨喋呤方案。即骁悉1 g/次,术后每日2次口服,连续28 d;环孢素(2.0~3.0) mg/(kg·d),24 h持续静脉滴注,术前1 d开始(HLA不相合时从术前 7 d开始),移植后第2周改为(4.0~6.0)mg/(kg·d)口服,术后60 d起每周减量5%,4~6个月停药;甲氨喋呤术后1 d 20 mg,术后3,6,11 d 10 mg。发生急性移植物抗宿主病者加用甲基强的松龙或抗CD25单抗治疗;发生慢性移植物抗宿主病者采用骁悉/环孢素/普乐可夫+糖皮质激素治疗。
植入证据检测:采用STR-PCR方法检测异基因造血干细胞植入证据,由厦门市中心血站HLA实验室完成。供受者性别不同的情况下同时采用常规染色体法予以检测,供受者血型不同的情况下同时检测血型的转变。
主要观察指标:①造血功能重建检测。②移植物抗宿主病发生情况。③术后复发及生存情况。
2 结果
2.1 造血功能重建检测 23例患者均顺利完成造血功能重建,无一例发生预处理相关死亡。经预处理后外周血白细胞最低值为(0.01~0.30)×109 L-1,血小板最低值为(5~20)×109 L-1,达最低值中位时间为6 d;中性粒细胞恢复到0.5×109 L-1的中位时间为术后11 d,血小板恢复到30×109 L-1的中位时间为术后12 d。术后30 d经STR-PCR检测22例患者为完全供者型,骨髓象均完全缓解,剩余1例复发患者未行STR-PCR检测。
2.2 移植物抗宿主病发生情况 23例患者中,9例(39.1%)发生急性移植物抗宿主病,其中I度4例,II~Ⅳ度5例;19例(82.6%)发生慢性移植物抗宿主病,其中广泛型6例,局限型13例。
2.3 术后复发及生存情况 随访截止至2007-6-30,23例白血病患者共5 例复发,复发率21.7%,复发时间为移植后1~24个月。见表1。
6例急性粒细胞白血病患者中,2例移植前处于复发状态者分别于移植后34 d、4个月复发,放弃治疗后死亡;10例慢性粒细胞白血病患者中,1例移植前处于BC状态者移植4个月后复发,放弃治疗后死亡,其余9例均为分子生物学及血液学缓解;7例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者中,2例分别于移植后4,24个月复发,行供者干细胞支持下化疗后再获CR,目前1例无病生存,另1例移植前有中枢神经系统白血病的CR2患者缓解12个月后再次复发,治疗无效死亡。
移植前处于缓解状态的患者20例,复发率为10%。
3 讨论
经典的清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植预处理方案主要采用Thomas[1]提出的“全身照射1200 cGy+环磷酰胺60 mg/(kg·d),×2 d”方案及Santo[2]提出的“马利兰4 mg/kg,×4 d;环磷酰胺60 mg/(kg·d),×2 d”方案。非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植预处理方案较多,其中一些骨髓抑制较轻,即使不输入干细胞,患者自身造血可在28 d内恢复,移植早期通常为混合嵌合体,是真正的非清髓移植;另一些是减低剂量的预处理方案,包括白消安小于16 mg/kg或全身照射小于10 Gy的方案,如不予干细胞支持造血即不能恢复,早期即可产生完全嵌合体,目前将此类移植命名为减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植[3]。本实验所采用的预处理方案中无全身照射,马利兰、环磷酰胺剂量均低于清髓性预处理方案;由于减低了剂量强度,无一例预处理相关死亡,同时采用的剂量仍强于真正非清髓移植,因此获得了快速的完全嵌合。
减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植复发情况是否与清髓性移植及真正的非清髓性移植不同尚无明确结论。普遍认为清髓性移植后白血病的复发率(20%左右)较非清髓性移植低[4-6],而减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植和真正的非清髓性移植的复发情况报道不一。Lima等[7]对所谓真正非清髓性预处理方案及减低剂量预处理方案进行了有区别的研究,他们分别采用这两种方案治疗急、慢性白血病,非清髓性方案复发率为61%,减低剂量方案为30%;Champlin等[8]进行了相似的研究,结果也显示真正的非清髓性方案的复发率高于减低剂量方案,有明显差异。本实验结果显示采用减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植预处理方案的复发率并未高于清髓性移植,与Lima和Champlin报道中的减低剂量方案情况相符,较真正的非清髓性移植复发率低。
分析影响减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植后白血病复发的因素,认为:①与真正的非清髓性移植相比,减低预处理剂量的异基因造血干细胞移植加大了预处理强度,加强了对白血病细胞的清除,有利于控制疾病进展、减少复发。②多数研究[9-16]发现移植后并发移植物抗宿主病的患者有较强的移植物抗白血病效应,白血病复发率明显降低。而非清髓移植时,由于供者的造血干细胞及免疫活性逐步植入,可产生免疫耐受,使移植物抗宿主病减轻,可能会影响移植物抗白血病效应的发挥,增加白血病复发率[17-20]。本实验绝大多数发生了慢性移植物抗宿主病,可能与低复发率有关,提示采用较真正的非清髓预处理剂量强的方案能使供者细胞迅速植入,获得完全嵌合,较好地发挥移植物抗白血病效应,有益于降低复发率。③本实验复发的5例中,有3例移植前处于复发状态,另2例移植前处于缓解状态的患者均为对移植物抗白血病效应不理想的急性淋巴细胞白血病,其中1例为CR2,并伴有中枢神经系统白血病,而移植前处于缓解状态的急性粒细胞白血病患者(包括1例CR3)和慢性期及加速期慢性粒细胞白血病患者均无复发,因此认为疾病类型的选择和移植时的疾病状态是影响复发率的另一因素,对于难治、复发的高危患者及增殖速度较快的急性淋巴细胞白血病,仍需加强剂量强度,采用清髓性预处理方案。
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