周刊 1997年1月创刊(总第316期) 第12卷 第8期 2008年2月19日出版


恶性血液病患者接受造血干细胞移植后发生糖尿病的危险因素分析★

王中京,赵 湜,王红祥


武汉市中心医院血液内科,湖北省武汉市 430014

王中京★,女,1968年生,北京市人,汉族,2005年武汉大学医学院毕业,在职硕士,副主任医师,主要从事血液病临床及造血干细胞移植研究。
shunfei7606@
x263.net

 

摘要
目的:造血干细胞移植是目前根治血液病的惟一方法。调查分析恶性血液病造血干细胞移植后糖尿病发生及发展的危险因素。
方法:①对象和分组:收集2003-01/2007-02武汉市中心医院行造血干细胞移植后患者和外院行造血干细胞移植后转至武汉市中心医院的患者16例。根据干细胞移植术后血糖水平分为糖尿病组6例,非糖尿病组11例,两组平均年龄45.2岁。②评估:分析移植后糖尿病的发生与患者年龄、术前疾病状态(化疗次数、大剂量强化的次数、血压状态、糖耐量情况)、免疫抑制剂、皮质激素用量及时间的关系,以及移植后糖尿病对患者的影响。
结果:16例患者均进入结果分析。①术后出现5例糖尿病;术前有糖耐量异常者其移植后糖尿病的发生率高于无糖耐量异常者。②年龄大于40岁、曾经多次使用过含有糖皮质激素化疗方案的患者,其糖尿病的发病率较高;激素半年内撤离的患者移植后糖尿病的发生率明显低于半年内未撤离者。③两组患者使用免疫抑制剂及血药浓度的情况对糖尿病的发生无影响。④糖尿病组对术后巨细胞病毒感染率无明显影响。
结论:年龄大于40岁、曾多次使用过含糖质皮激素的化疗方案、糖耐量异常、长期使用糖皮质激素预防移植物抗宿主反应者是糖尿病的高危人群。
关键词:干细胞;移植;糖尿病;危险因素

王中京,赵湜,王红祥. 恶性血液病患者接受造血干细胞移植后发生糖尿病的危险因素分析[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2008,12(8):1457-1459 [www.zglckf.com/zglckf/ejournal/upfiles/08-8/8k-1457(ps).pdf]

中图分类号: R394.2
文献标识码: A
文章编号: 1673-8225
(2008)08-01457-03

收稿日期:2007-08-27
修回日期:2007-10-26
(07-50-8-4647/W·Q)


Risk factors for the occurrence of diabetes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treating malignant hematopathy

Abstract

AIM:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only method to cure hematologic disease. This article analyzes risky factors as to suffering and development of diabetes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for malignant hemopathy.
METHODS: ①Sixteen patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were enrolled at the Wuhan Central Hospital from January 2003 to February 2007. They were divided into diabetic (n=6) and non-diabetic (n=11) groups with an average age of 45.2 years. ②The interrelationship between occurrences of diabetes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and patients' age, symptom before operations (times of chemotherapy, times of large amount of dosage for intensifying treatment, status of blood pressure, sugar tolerance), immunosuppressant, dosage and time of cortex incretion as well as effect of diabetes on patients.
RESULTS: Sixteen patients were included in the final analysis ①5 cases of diabetes occurred after surgery; patients with abnormal sugar tolerance before surgery possessed a higher rates of occurrence of diabetes than those with normal sugar tolerance; ②Those patients of older than 40 years and who had taken in sugar-containing cortex incretion during chemotherapy also possessed a comparatively higher rates of occurrence of diabetes; Patients whose intake of cortex incretion have being cancelled after half a year of transplantation possessed an obviously lower rates of occurrence of diabetes than those intake of cortex incretion had being cancelled within half a year of transplanting operation. ③Application of immunosuppressant and plasma drug concentration had no affect on occurrence of diabetes in both groups. ④No evident effect of infection rate of cytomegalovirus was detected in the diabetic group.
CONCLUSION: Those patients that are older than 40 years and who have taken in sugar-containing cortex incretion during chemotherapy and with abnormal sugar tolerance as well as taking in sugar-containing cortex incretion to prevent occurrence of graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) possess relatively higher rates of occurrence of diabetes.

Wang ZJ,Zhao S,Wang HX. Risk factors for the occurrence of diabetes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treating malignant hematopathy.Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu yu Linchuang Kangfu 2008;12(8):1457-1459(China) [www.zglckf.com/zglckf/ejournal/upfiles/08-8/8k-1457(ps).pdf]


 

0 引言

移植后糖尿病是一种发生于移植手术后的继发性糖尿病,目前发病率较高,与移植后的其他病理生理变化交叉出现,相互影响,严重影响移植术后患者的治疗及愈后,特别是恶性血液病行造血干细胞移植的患者,因病程长、反复多次化疗、激素、免疫抑制剂的长期使用,糖代谢紊乱的情况已成为更为突出的问题,为了降低移植后糖尿病的发生,移植前良好控制血压,减少药物对β细胞的损害,移植后尽早撤离激素,合理使用免疫抑制剂,是避免发生糖尿病的有力措施。为此,本实验

从移植前患者的疾病状况入手,分析了年龄、化疗方式、血压及糖耐量的情况;结合移植后使用激素及免疫抑制剂的类型,尽可能采取有力的措施,减少移植后糖尿病的发生。

1 对象和方法

设计:分组对照观察。
单位:武汉市中心医院血液科。
对象:选择2003-01/2007-02在武汉市中心医院血液内科行造血干细胞移植或移植后转入武汉市中心医院的患者16例,男10例,女6例;平均年龄45.2岁。纳入标准:①入选患者均为行造血干细胞移植后的恶性血液病患者。②患者对治疗知情同意。患者的原发病为:急性淋巴细胞性白血病4例、急性髓性白血病6例、慢性粒细胞性白血病6例。移植方式均为非清髓性或清髓性造血干细胞移植,15例为人类白细胞相关抗原全相合移植,1例为人类白细胞相关抗原半相合移植。所有患者术前均排除糖尿病史,同时进行了糖耐量试验,其中糖耐量异常者5例,正常11例。
设计、实施、评估者:为本文作者,均受过干细胞移植的培训。
技术路线:将16例患者移植前行葡萄糖耐量试验,空腹口服50%的葡萄糖液83 mL,分别测0 h,2 h的血糖,根据血糖结果将其分为糖尿病组及非糖尿病组,同时测患者静卧位的血压,一天中任意2次血压≥ 140/90 mm Hg为高血压异常;术后每3个月定期抽静脉血2 mL,查巨细胞病毒相关抗体,查出IgM阳性者考虑为巨细胞病毒感染。
术后免疫抑制方案:造血干细胞移植后11例患者采用环孢素A、甲氨喋呤和激素的三联免疫抑制方案,5例患者采用FK506和甲氨喋呤的二联免疫抑制方案。环孢素A、甲氨喋呤从第1天开始使用,静脉剂量平均为5 mg/(kg·d),根据环孢素A的血药浓度,是否发生排斥反应及药物的不良反应来调整环孢素A的用量。FK506于第2天始以0.03 mg/(kg·d),持续静脉给予,待造血重建后改为口服给药,FK506口服剂量相当于3至4倍静脉药剂量,同时根据血药浓度调整药物剂量,一般在半年后逐渐撤离免疫抑制剂。
移植后糖尿病的诊断标准:术后糖尿病的诊断标准参照WHO糖尿病诊断标准,即造血干细胞移植术后血糖升高(一天中任意2次空腹至少8 h血糖≥ 7.0 mmol/L或随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L)或需胰岛素、口服降糖药治疗,持续6个月以上;参照以上标准,本组有5例患者诊断为造血干细胞移植后糖尿病(糖尿病组);11例为非糖尿病组。
主要观察指标:两组年龄、疾病状态、糖耐量情况;移植后激素、免疫抑制剂及巨细胞病素感染情况。
统计学方法:所有资料均为计数资料,由第一作者应用SPSS 10.0软件分析,采用卡方检验(四格表精确检验法),以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 参与者数量分析 纳入患者16例,分为2组,进入结果分析16例。
2.2 移植前的相关资料及分析 术后5例出现糖尿病者,发生时间均在1个月以内,随诊期间病情持续存在,但随时间延长病情有所缓解;年龄>40岁,其发生率明显升高(P < 0.05),术前曾多次使用含糖皮质激素化疗方案的患者其糖尿病的发生率明显升高(P < 0.05),但与化疗的总数及化疗强度无关(P > 0.05);术前糖耐量异常患者糖尿病的发生率明显高于糖耐量正常组 (P < 0.05),术前血压异常的患者其糖尿病的发生率无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。通过以上资料分析,年龄> 40岁以上、曾多次使用过含糖皮质激素化疗方案的患者,以及出现过糖耐量异常者,均为移植后糖尿病发生的重要因素,见表1。


 

2.3 移植后的相关资料分析 对两组患者术后多种资料的比较中发现,激素半年内撤离的患者,糖尿病的发生率明显低于未撤离者(P < 0.05),说明长时间使用激素是糖尿病发生的高危因素;不同类型免疫抑制剂(FK506及环孢素A)的使用糖尿病发生率无统计学意义,说明不同的免疫抑制剂的使用不是糖病尿的高危因素。从表2也可以知道,移植后糖尿病组巨细胞病毒发生率与正常组相比无明显差异。

 

 

3 讨论

造血干细胞移植后糖尿病是移植后常见的合并症之一,在环孢素未出现前因大剂量激素的原因其发生率高达40%,随着新的免疫抑制剂的应用,最近的报道中糖尿病的发生率降到20%以下[1],但随着时间的延长其发生率可能将发生变化。
3.1 造血干细胞移植的危险因素 从术前的资料分析中可以看出,移植术后糖尿病的发生与多因素相关,可能与对胰岛β细胞毒性及胰岛素抵抗性上升相 关 [2-3],一般认为高龄(> 40岁)是糖尿病的确立危险因素,主要是随着年龄的增加,胰岛β细胞储备能力下降,再因多次大剂量化疗其化疗药物对β细胞毒性的损伤,使β细胞的功能日趋于失代偿状态,从而导致血糖升高;同时还发现,术前糖耐量异常也是发生移植后糖尿病的高危因素。激素的使用及使用时间直接影响了移植后糖尿病的发生,最近的报道认为肾移植后激素的剂量和移植后糖尿病与糖耐量异常相关,激素剂量每天增加0.01 mg/kg,移植后糖尿病发生的危险性增加5%[4-6],本组结果与其相似。从本组的资料中还可以发现,血压异常并不是糖尿病发生的主要因素,但因胰岛素抵抗是高血压及糖耐量异常发生的共同土壤机制,因此目前主张,对于术前有糖耐量异常、年龄较大、具有高血压病史的患者应密切观察血糖的变化,争取在半年以内撤离激素;如果发生了移植后糖尿病,应减少使用激素的剂量,尽量的使用无激素的免疫抑制方案,以减少激素对血糖的影响。
肾移植后使用FK506及用环孢素A相比,移植后糖尿病的发生率明显增高[7-10],但此结论在该研究中未能证实。作者认为,虽然环孢素A和FK506对糖代谢都有影响,但使用环孢素A及FK506对糖尿病的发生率没有明显差异,但仍需更多的病例数、更长的时间来证实。
3.2 造血干细胞移植后糖尿病对患者的影响及采取的相关策略 通过移植后糖尿病相关资料分析,可以看出两组患者巨细胞病毒感染率并未升高,这与Sumrani等[11]报道造血干细胞移植后患者的感染率是普通患者的3倍,巨细胞病毒感染的发生率是普通患者的2倍不相符,是否与该研究报道的病例数较少相关。基于普通糖尿患者对感染的抵抗力下降,猝死的发病率较高,对于移植后的糖尿病患者同样应予以高度重视,其相关的治疗方案如下:①对于造血干细胞移植前有糖尿病高危因素的患者如高龄、高血压、曾大剂量化疗及多次使用含有糖皮质激素的化疗方案,有糖耐量异常的患者,应尽早撤离糖皮质激素,减少其使用的机率,合理使用免疫抑制剂。②严格控制血糖,根据起病情况,合理使用降糖药物,移植过程中合理使用胰岛素,使血糖水平控制在7.0~8.0 mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白< 6.1%,同时防止低血糖的发生。③控制血压、血脂,血压控制在130/80 mmug以下;有报道在糖尿患者、血压每下降10 mm Hg,患者的心肌梗死的风险下降11%,微血管并发症的发生率下降13%,而与糖尿病相关死亡的发生率下降15%[8]。因此加强上述预防措施,对移植后糖尿病的预后至关重要。

 

 

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